A generalized tonic-clonic seizure (formerly known as a grand mal seizure) is a type of generalized seizure that affects the entire brain. Tonic-clonic seizures are the seizure type most commonly associated with epilepsy and seizures in general, though it is a misconception that they are the only type.
Tonic-clonic seizures can be induced deliberately in electroconvulsive therapy.
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Pathophysiology
The vast majority of generalized seizures are idiopathic. However, some generalized seizures start as a smaller seizure such as a simple partial seizure or a complex partial seizure and then spread to both hemispheres of the brain. This is called a secondary generalization. Factors could include chemical and neurotransmitter imbalances and a genetically or situationally determined seizure threshold, both of which have been implicated. The seizure threshold can be altered by fatigue, malnutrition, lack of sleep or rest, hypertension, stress, diabetes, the presence of strobe-flashes or simple light/dark patterns, raised estrogen levels at ovulation, fluorescent lighting, rapid motion or flight, blood sugar imbalances, anxiety, antihistamines and other factors.
In the case of symptomatic epilepsy, it is often determined by MRI or other neuroimaging techniques that there is some degree of damage to a large number of neurons. The lesions (i.e., scar tissue) caused by the loss of these neurons can result in groups of neurons forming a seizure 'focus' area, episodically firing abnormally, creating a seizure if the focus is not abolished or suppressed via anti-convulsant drugs.
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Phases
A tonic-clonic seizure comprises two phases, the tonic phase and the clonic phase.
Due to physical, mental and nervous exhaustion, postictal sleep with stertorous breathing invariably follows a tonic-clonic seizure. Confusion and total amnesia upon regaining consciousness is usually experienced and slowly wears off as the patient becomes gradually aware that a seizure occurred and remembers their identity and location. Occasionally the patient may vomit or burst into tears from the experienced mental trauma. An additional smaller seizure can occur several minutes after the main seizure, particularly if the patient's seizure threshold has been brought unusually low by known factors or combinations of such - for example severe hangovers, sleep deprivation, elevated estrogen at ovulation, prolonged physical tiredness and/or drug use including some pharmaceuticals, alcohol and caffeine.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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